Mass cancer mapping centre opens

28 January 2013 Last updated at 11:33 ET By James Gallagher Health and science reporter, BBC News

The devastating changes that turn healthy tissue into cancer are to be investigated in the biggest centre of its kind in the NHS.

The laboratories at the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) will use information in tumour DNA to help find the best "personalised" treatments.

Its director said this was not science fiction and would be day-to-day practice in the NHS within a decade.

The centre will also investigate how cancers become resistant to drugs.

The field of cancer research is moving rapidly away from defining a cancer by where it is in the body - one type of breast cancer can have more in common with an ovarian cancer than another cancer in the breast.

Instead scientists and doctors are looking deeper at what is going wrong inside cancerous cells - a tumour can have 100,000 genetic mutations and these alter over time.

Rapid advances in being able to sequence the genetic code of patients are allowing breakthroughs in understanding which mutations transform a healthy cell into a cancerous one.

Identifying the mutations can then be used to choose the best treatment. The most famous example of this is the drug Herceptin, which is used in breast cancers with a certain genetic abnormality.

The new centre will test samples from patients at the Royal Marsden Hospital in London.

The ICR's director, Prof Alan Ashworth, said: "None of this is science fiction. This is now happening. We think we're pioneering the clinical application of this by setting up the Tumour Profiling Unit, but one would think this would be absolutely routine practice for every cancer patient - and that's what we're aiming to bring about."

Treatment is futile

One great challenge with cancer treatment is resistance. Promising drugs suddenly fail after a few months.

Prof Ashworth described it as a "bit like the game whack-a-mole" with a new method of resistance popping up every time a drug kicks a cancer down.

The Tumour Profiling Unit will repeatedly test cancer samples to see how the tumour changes in an attempt to understand resistance.

Other challenges for the field include storing the data. The genetic codes of one million cancer patients would take up the same amount of space as YouTube.

Implementing this form of genetic testing into the NHS is another issue. The test results would need to be made available rapidly and in a way that is easy for doctors to interpret and decide on treatments.

The government has recently announced that up to 100,000 patients with cancer and rare diseases in England are to have their entire genetic code sequenced to aid research.

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-21235103#sa-ns_mchannel=rss&ns_source=PublicRSS20-sa

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Anonymous hijacks federal website to avenge activist's death

10 hrs.

The Associated Press

WASHINGTON???The hacker-activist group Anonymous says it hijacked the website of the U.S. Sentencing Commission to avenge the death of Aaron Swartz, an Internet activist who committed suicide. The FBI is investigating.

The website of the commission, an independent agency of the judicial branch (http://www.ussc.gov), was taken over early Saturday and replaced with a message warning that when Swartz killed himself two weeks ago "a line was crossed."

The hackers say they've infiltrated several government computer systems and copied secret information that they now threaten to make public.

Family and friends of Swartz, who helped create Reddit and RSS, say he killed himself after he was hounded by federal prosecutors. Officials say he helped post millions of court documents for free online, and that he illegally downloaded millions of academic articles from an online clearinghouse.

The FBI's Richard McFeely, executive assistant director of the agency's?Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch, said in a statement that "we were aware as soon as it happened and are handling it as a criminal investigation. We are always concerned when someone illegally accesses another person's or government agency's network."

Hours after the hijacking, pages on the USSC.gov website were available only sporadically.

This report was updated by NBC News.

? 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/technolog/anonymous-hijacks-federal-website-protest-activist-aaron-swartzs-death-1C8125283

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Video: The Comic Book Murder, Vol. 2, Part 2

Dateline NBC

'Dateline NBC,' the signature broadcast for NBC News in primetime, premiered in 1992. Since then, it has been pioneering a new approach to primetime news programming. The multi-night franchise, supplemented by frequent specials, allows NBC to consistently and comprehensively present the highest-quality reporting, investigative features, breaking news coverage and newsmaker profiles.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032600/vp/50594478#50594478

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Investing and uncertainty | Merriman

Investing and uncertainty

Posted on 25. Jan, 2013 by Larry Katz

There are many things in short supply, but uncertainty is not one of them. Three economists1 have compiled an index of uncertainty, which is comprised of newspaper coverage of policy-related uncertainty, expiring federal tax code provisions and disagreement among economic forecasters. You can see the trend in Figure 1 below. The index peaked with the debt ceiling imbroglio in late 2011, fell in the early part of 2012 and then rose again.

Throughout the year there has been a great deal of focus on a number of worrisome issues, including the U.S. deficit, debt ceiling and the fiscal cliff, high unemployment, and the European debt situation. Reflecting all this angst, investors through November withdrew a net $88.9 billion from actively-managed U.S. stock mutual funds (net of inflows into U.S. stock exchange-traded funds).2 Yet for 2012, stocks were up nicely.

How could stocks have gone up while uncertainty increased? While many people naturally worry about the past and still feel burned by previous sharp plunges in stock prices, the stock market is forward looking, incorporating the perceptions of millions of investors. While national economies are still relatively sluggish, actions taken by the U.S. and European central banks to combat economic weakness are having a positive impact.

Housing, while not rosy, is seeing some welcome improvements, with 6.9% of U.S. consumers planning to buy a house in the next six months, the most since August 1999.3 Confidence among U.S. homebuilders reached a 6 ? year high in December.4 U.S. sales of previously occupied homes increased to their highest level in three years in November.5 And home prices rose 4.3% in the twelve months ending October 2012 in the S&P/Case-Shiller 20-City Composite.6

Another positive, with major longer-term implications, is the widespread development of hydraulic fracturing (or fracking, the process of extracting oil and natural gas from shale rock). The International Energy Agency projects the U.S. will become the largest global oil producer by around 2020, and a net oil exporter by around 2030.7 While there are important environmental issues associated with fracking, including potential contamination of local water supplies and massive use of water in the process, electricity produced by natural gas gives off 43% less carbon dioxide versus coal. Due to a combination of increased use of natural gas, the weak economy and more fuel-efficient cars, America?s emission of greenhouse gases has fallen to 1992 levels and is expected to continue to fall.8 So, like any energy source, there are costs and benefits. Cheaper energy will lead to more manufacturing being done in the U.S., which is good for the economy. One analyst estimates the U.S. will add three million new jobs by the end of this decade due to the natural gas industry.9

Waiting for that perfect time to invest when there is no uncertainty could lead to cash unproductively sitting on the sidelines. Investing only after good news also means buying stocks after they have gone up. A good example of this is the S&P 500 going up by 2.54% on January 2, the day after the fiscal cliff legislation passed. Another example is the MSCI EAFE index of developed countries in Europe, Australasia and the Far East, which increased 6.57% in the fourth quarter, reflecting the relative lack of bad news, and some stabilizing events, in Europe.

While uncertainty is an uncomfortable fact of life, it is easier to handle by following a well-formulated diversified investment plan that invests in stocks and bonds, the allocation to which incorporates your risk tolerance and long-term needs.

1. Scott Baker, Nicholas Bloom and Steven J. Davis at www.PolicyUncertainty.com. 2. Wall Street Journal, ?Investors Sour on Pro Stock Pickers?, 1/4/13.
3. Ned Davis Research, 12/10/12.
4. http://finance.yahoo.com/news/us-homebuilder-confidence-6-1-150113216.html
5. Wall Street Journal, 12/20/12.
6. http://www.standardandpoors.com/indices/sp-case-shiller-home-price-indices/en/us/?indexId=spusa-cashpidff?p-us?- 7.Wall Street Journal, 11/12/12.
8. U.S. Energy Information Agency, as discussed in http://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/daily-ticker/fracking-good-economy-environment-155325507.html
9. As reported in New York Times, ?Welcome to Saudi Albany?, Adam Davidson 12/11/12.

Source: http://www.merriman.com/psychology-of-investing/investing-and-uncertainty/

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Video: The Comic Book Murder, Vol. 2, Part 3

Dateline NBC

'Dateline NBC,' the signature broadcast for NBC News in primetime, premiered in 1992. Since then, it has been pioneering a new approach to primetime news programming. The multi-night franchise, supplemented by frequent specials, allows NBC to consistently and comprehensively present the highest-quality reporting, investigative features, breaking news coverage and newsmaker profiles.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032600/vp/50594510#50594510

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Case Study: Texas Roadhouse Goes Local on Facebook | Street Fight

At Texas Roadhouse, communications director Dave Dodson is taking a local approach to marketing a national company. Rather than creating a single Facebook page to serve as a hub for all 300 plus Texas Roadhouse locations, Dodson and his team have created local Facebook pages for each restaurant in the national chain. Dodson says people are more likely to be engaged with local pages, leading to an increase in comments, likes, and photo submissions on social networks like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Foursquare.

What was behind your decision to go local with Texas Roadhouse?s Facebook pages. Why not just have a single page for the national brand?
What we do is grassroots and community driven, as is everything we do from a marketing standpoint. Especially in the communities in which we have restaurants, we want to mirror what we do from a local standpoint and continue to create those types of one-on-one relationships and one-on-one engagements. That?s really what drove us to do local. We take that approach from an overall marketing perspective, and we?re just trying to mirror that digitally. It also gives us the power to really engage people at that local level, which is the most important thing to us.

How much of a difference is there in the way you market from restaurant to restaurant on a local level?
Maybe not a lot of difference, but this allows us to have flexibility at the local level. In other words, what one restaurant may be doing in one market may be completely different from another restaurant in another market ? but it?s all around the same promotion. Say we were promoting Valentine?s Day, for example. This gives us the flexibility to do separate tactics in each market. That?s a big piece of it. Even more so, it?s building those communities of people who are on that local level, versus somebody on a national level who is probably a little less likely to be engaged.

Who manages your local Facebook pages?
We oversee that from a headquarters level. There are some restaurants that do that, although it?s mainly us monitoring individual conversations and then responding and populating content at store['s] request. So, a store will still drive what is published; it?s just us coordinating the publishing of the content.

How does the engagement differ when you have local Facebook pages versus a national page?
They?re two separate things. When we?re talking about a national promotion ? like what we may be doing for veterans on Veteran?s Day ? we?re always going to get pretty good engagement, and we?re always going to generate a lot of conversation, even at the national level. What the local pages allow us to do is build those communities of people who are connected with the restaurant. It?s two different things. I think the engagement is about the same. It?s just when it?s done one-on-one and personal at the local level, I think it adds that real personal piece to it that you don?t get at the national level.

What kind of performance indicators do you look at to measure the success of a social media campaign?
We look at the number of people who are sharing comments or posting comments, the number of people who may respond to any given post, and the number of people who may be posting photos. Of course we measure check-ins, Foursquare, any of those metrics. We look at all that. But really the most important thing to us is just looking at the number of people who are actually commenting or sharing those comments.

Why is that important to you?
Because they are personally interacting with our brand. I think a lot of people are just doing a check-in out of habit. But when people are actually taking the time to post a picture or write a comment, then you really know that they?re really engaged with what you?re doing.

How have you worked with MomentFeed on your local Facebook pages?
The cool thing about MomentFeed is MomentFeed allows us to capture content that?s already being generated within our restaurants. Whether that?s photos that are done or people posting on Instagram, or people may be tweeting out photos from when they?re dining with us. [MomentFeed] allows us to see a single dashboard of all this content that?s being generated and then to be able to republish it at the local level because it?s still connecting one-on-one with that single location.

What kind of results have you seen since you started working with MomentFeed?
I can tell you we see higher than average [amounts of] comments and engagement whenever we?re republishing photos or that type of content. We?re more likely to get a little higher response or [more] comments or share rates than some of the other posts we do. And it?s information and content that?s being posted by our guests, versus us having that conversation. It?s people seeing what other guests are saying about Texas Roadhouse or their experience with Texas Roadhouse, which is what makes it cool.

How do you determine the resources you should be devoting to each social network, whether it?s Facebook, Twitter, or anything else?
We probably spend a lot less than other companies. Everything we do is more about generating content and not necessarily what technologies we?re leveraging. I?m more focused on what type of content we?re publishing, that we?re talking one-on-one with our guests, that we?re creating relationships, and that we?re building communities, versus just going out and fighting the numbers game and doing ads or investing in other platforms that simply generate ?likes? or coupons or discounts. [That's] what I call buying people that like your brand or incentivizing in other ways. We don?t really do a lot of that. Now, we have done a few sweepstakes around major promotions, but [we don't do anything] where everybody who likes our page gets X or posts us and they get Y. We?re really focused on creating that one-on-one conversation and building community that way. You?d be surprised what we spend on Facebook, Twitter, MomentFeed, or any of these platforms. It?s relatively small compared to most of our competitors.

Obviously you?re using Facebook as a way to promote loyalty among guests, but how about customer acquisition? What platforms are you using to forge new relationships?
Some of that is through the sweepstakes we might do. Of course we leverage things inside our stores, so even if you?re a first-time visitor to Texas Roadhouse, you?re going to see some informational materials that might lead you to follow us on Facebook or Twitter. But most of it is our regular guests sharing their comments with their friends and family, who may not have visited us, or capturing those people who are first-time guests inside one of our restaurants.

Looking forward, where do you see Texas Roadhouse moving, as far as digital marketing is concerned?
I want to remain focused on content and leveraging our most loyal fans and ambassadors out there, [starting] conversations and making sure we?re continuing to do that one-on-one. I think that?s most important, versus just focusing on what kind of numbers or [how many] ?likes? we have. Platforms like MomentFeed are important because they allow us to pull in content that is highly engaging. I also like some of the other platforms that measure the type of sentiment that?s being talked about online by your guests. I think those kinds of things that are used to fine-tune what you do operationally will be important, not just in our industry, but across hospitality in general. We?ll continue to leverage platforms that are monitoring and eliciting content publishing, like Expion, which we currently use. But beyond that, you probably won?t see us change a lot, at least in the short term.

Stephanie Miles is an associate editor at Street Fight. This interview has been edited for length and clarity.

Click here to read more Street Fight local merchant case studies.

Source: http://streetfightmag.com/2013/01/23/case-study-texas-roadhouse-goes-local-on-facebook/

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Vitor Belfort?s war of words with Chael Sonnen shows he is crazy like a fox

After beating Michael Bisping in a middleweight bout at UFC on FX 7, Vitor Belfort said he wanted a shot at the UFC light heavyweight belt. He called Chael Sonnen a clown, and asked for a "champion vs. champion" shot at Jon Jones.

He continued during the UFC postfight show on Fuel.

?[Sonnen] is a clown. Get out. Get out of the way. He just got knocked out pretty bad by Anderson Silva then he fights Jon Jones. He doesn?t deserve the reality show. Let me fight - real champion versus real champion. I know he?s a good athlete, but he needs to go to the back of the line. Let me fight the rematch.?

Belfort fought Jones in September and lost by submission. Sonnen will fight Jones in April after the conclusion of "The Ultimate Fighter." They will coach against each other on the show. Sonnen, a commentator on the postfight show, immediately responded.

?Let me be really clear and speak directly to you Vitor. You have been telling the world that you want to meet Jesus and I will gladly arrange that travel, but first I am going to get rid of Jon Jones, then you are next. Vitor, I accept. Don?t make any mistake about that. You have called me out twice now,? Sonnen said.

Their war of words continued on Twitter.

@sonnench You don't have the power to send me to Jesus, buy I can provide you with an early encounter with Satan!

? Vitor Belfort (@vitorbelfort) January 20, 2013

Vitor:I Played golf w/Jesus today after I did @jimrome show.He said you're gonna lose.Also, the tattoo makes you look like a "Brown-Noser"

? chael sonnen (@sonnench) January 21, 2013

Belfort's vitriol at Sonnen seemed so out of place. Belfort is a middleweight, and if he's looking for another shot at the light heavyweight title, perhaps he should look for a middleweight fight first?

But what Belfort did do was set himself up perfectly for an injury replacement if Sonnen or Jones were to suffer one. This has happened in three of the last four seasons of TUF, so it's not a bad idea on Belfort's part. Considering Sonnen got their light heavyweight title shot after fighting at middleweight for years, and Nick Diaz got one after a suspension and a loss, there's not much rhyme or reason to the UFC's title match making these days. Belfort is making a smart play based on recent history.

Source: http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/mma-cagewriter/vitor-belfort-war-words-chael-sonnen-shows-crazy-211517167--mma.html

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HELP ARTICAL: Art Buy

Sometimes people buy art, original work for some pay large amounts of money - a lot of people buy expensive form of art online or in the local market. But regardless, a great way to sell a number of the wealth of art there are a lot of great art site.

And rapidly changing time for the fastest man in the world of art more affordable and. Web looking for information about today's approach, the rational works of art from the average person can save a bundle.

Original art for wealthy people pay a lot of money - they have created a good reputation for yourself to buy the original work of the writer, because I can understand. Is considered as a good investment to buy the original art. For some, purchase original artwork can be a way of attempting to adhere to cultural norms and social status improves.

More people qualify faithful to the purchase of works of art.

In more than two copies of the limited edition prints can range from infinity. We can be hung on the walls of hundreds of paying big bucks for something?

Spanish artist I recently found a web site. His work has a very high quality. He had 250 copies of each print limit, they EUR650 each sale. Limited print for the price too high?

His days charging too much an artist?

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Art autumn clear the limits of work and we, like everyone make them affordable or only a small minority of the world's population, we can not afford exorbitant prices set to how do I do.

When you buy a work of art, can be set to fit your budget before going online. It fits in your pocket you own art form, take a look at the site can find a large range.

Art that can be enjoyed by everyone, just remember Attention and various forms of art enjoyed by people from all classes can enjoy. If you wish to purchase in the form of art, you do not rush. You may need to look at the next 20 years.

If you enjoyed this post and wish to be informed whenever a new post is published, then make sure you subscribe to my regular Email Updates. Subscribe Now!
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Source: http://easyarticles.blogspot.com/2013/01/art-buy_21.html

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Evidence for Nutrition Recommendations: DHA & Prostate Cancer

A reader sent me a link to this study, DHA inhibits differentiation of prostate fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and tumorigenesis, and asked me if it changed my recommendations that vegans (under age 60) don?t need to supplement with DHA every day.

The study is in vitro and animal research, and indicates that DHA can prevent prostate cancer growth. I told him that it did not change my recommendations and he asked me to make a blog post to explain why.

Creating nutrition recommendations is not something that should be taken lightly. The United States government calls upon the National Academy of Sciences to make nutrition recommendations for the nation. This is done through the Institute of Medicine?s Food and Nutrition Board and the recommendations are referred to as the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI).

All known essential nutrients are given a DRI. In most cases, these are based on a large body of research and arrived at by a panel of experts in the area. The research they have reviewed for most nutrients has been based on acute symptoms of deficiency and toxicity; they are rarely based on long-term, chronic disease prevention. This may be changing as more research becomes available and acute deficiencies are no longer the problem they once were.

So, with that background, a very good reason would be needed for me to overrule the Institute of Medicine and set my own ?DRI.? But because the DRI are not set with vegans in mind, we have to fill in the gaps and most of my recommendations are to get vegans in compliance with the spirit of the DRI.

The study on DHA and prostate cancer, mentioned above, is only a test-tube and animal study. The results may or may not translate for humans, and even if they do, there is no way to know how much humans need to take to achieve such results or if there are negative side effects from taking whatever level of DHA we might determine is appropriate. The Food and Nutrition Board would not make recommendations based on one in vitro or animal study. There are many studies looking at DHA intake and levels in humans and associated diseases and these studies are fraught with confounding variables with no clear answer as to how much DHA humans should be taking on a regular basis to prevent overall chronic disease.

Some vegan RDs do not think it?s necessary to recommend DHA for vegans; I choose to do so, but err on the conservative side. The Food and Nutrition Board has not created a DRI for DHA, but given that studies have shown that vegans have much lower levels of DHA in the blood than your average person, I recommend DHA to make sure that we are not at a disadvantage compared to non-vegans. If you want to see the reasoning behind my DHA recommendations, you can read it in Omega-3 Fatty Acid Recommendations for Vegetarian.

For more information on the types of studies that provide more evidence for nutrition recommendations than others, please see my article Basics of Nutrition Research.

In conclusion, I try not to supersede the Food and Nutrition Board in formulating nutrition recommendations and I do not change recommendations based on in vitro or animal studies.

You can support JackNorrisRd.com by purchasing anything through these links

This entry was posted on Sunday, January 20th, 2013 at 6:50 pm and is filed under Basics of Nutrition Research, Omega-3s. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.

Source: http://jacknorrisrd.com/?p=3531

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New Zealand lobbyist says equal marriage will bring increase in ...

The head of a victim lobby group made a submission to the New Zealand parliament, claiming that legalising equal marriage would bring with it an increase in all levels of crime. ?

Garth McVicar, the head of the Sensible Sentencing Trust, made a submission to the select committee considering equal marriage, suggesting that the act of legalising same-sex marriage would break down the basic morals of society, and would bring more harm than good.

He wrote: ?The marriage amendment bill will not benefit society at all and will ultimately have detremetal [sic] effect on crime at all levels.?

He went on to say that the bill to legalise marriage equality would erode the basic morals of society which had ?stood the test of time for centuries?.

?Furthermore, the bill represents a further decay and erosion of the traditional family that society has been founded on,? he wrote.

One member of the select committee reviewing submissions, however, described the claims as ?prejudiced? and ?nonsensical?.

Green MP Kevin Hague said that Mr McVicar?s submission was the only one he had read which attempted to make a direct link between equal marriage and crime, reports Stuff.co.nz.

Mr Hague said: ?Although it echoes a number of submissions that say marriage has been the same way for a long time and that if you tamper with it there will be lots of unforeseen circumstances.?

He continued that there was no basis for the argument, and that there was no evidence that equal marriage would have a detrimental effect on society, or lead to increased crime rates.

?I suspect that underlying this submission is a prejudice against gay people. If you break the argument down, it is manifestly nonsensical,? he said.

Criminologist Dr James Oleson, from Auckland University, said he was not aware of any research which suggested a link between same-sex marriage and rising crime rates.

The New Zealand Marriage Amendment Bill, which would legalise equal marriage, passed its first reading on 22 August, with a majority of 80 votes to 40 in parliament in support of the change.

A select committee is now reviewing the bill, which would normally be over a period of around six months. After that process, it will make a decision on whether or not to recommend it be passed.

Earlier this week, the head of an evangelical church in Auckland was discovered attempting to rig a cabinet minister?s poll on a pending equal marriage bill.

?

?

Discuss this ?

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Source: http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/01/20/new-zealand-lobbyist-says-equal-marriage-will-bring-increase-in-crime/

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House Republicans agree to vote on bill to raise debt limit for 3 months (Washington Post)

Share With Friends: | | Politics - Top Stories Stories, RSS and RSS Feed via Feedzilla.

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Jay Hafling ? Blog Archive ? The things to be aware of when writing ...

The things to be aware of when writing the content for an international audience

18 January 2013

You may think that since the biggest part of population speaks English, it will be easy to create a website with the English content that can be understood all over the world. To a greater extent it?s true that the English language in one country is mostly the same as that spoken in another country. However, there are certain variations you may want to be aware of to be able to reduce misunderstanding when your website is read by an English-speaking user in another country.

The major distinctions between UK and US English

The most obvious difference is spelling. People from different English-speaking countries write a large amount of English words differently. As an example, a big number of commonly-used words is spelt differently in the US compared to the UK and most countries in the world. You might be surprised to find out but the list of spelling differences between US and UK is quite long. The suffixes -ise and -ize is one simple example of such spelling differences. However, this difference is not that problematic when the comprehension of the content concerned.

Different words for the same concept

Sometimes different English variants have different words for the same concept. That?s already more problematic issue. What UK variant calls ?capital and small lessons?, people call ?upper and lowercase? in the US. ?Gas? and ?flash? are called ?petrol? and ?torch? in the UK correspondingly. Therefore, if you want your content to be understood worldwide, make sure to provide it with explanatory notes and references. As a rule, webmasters don?t add explanatory notes and the reason is, because they simply don?t know about these differences. Sure enough, if you?ve lived all your life and used one word to name a certain object or concept, you won?t think twice about using it. The truth is, it can become a daunting task to constantly look for both variants in dictionary when you need to use a certain word.

Same words and different meanings

This case is far worse than those two mentioned above. This can become a reason for big misunderstanding. For example, ?a public school? has got an opposite meaning in the UK and US. The same can be said about football. In the UK it?s a completely different game. In this case you need to explain what exactly your word means or use the alternative for the other variant.

Related posts:

Source: http://www.jayhafling.com/blog/the-things-to-be-aware-of-when-writing-the-content-for-an-international-audience/

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Jessica Simpson Is Having A Boy!

Jessica Simpson Is Having A Boy!

Jessica Simpson is reportedly expecting a baby boy, giving her eight-month-old daughter Maxwell a younger sibling. The 32-year-old singer announced her second pregnancy with fiance Eric Johnson on Christmas Day, which came as quite a surprise. An inside source reveals, “It’s Jessica’s dream come true, she prayed she was having a boy. She found out ...

Jessica Simpson Is Having A Boy! Stupid Celebrities Gossip Stupid Celebrities Gossip News

Source: http://stupidcelebrities.net/2013/01/jessica-simpson-is-having-a-boy/

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C.P. Taylor's Holocaust Drama Good by C.P. Taylor at Burning Coal ...

?

Burning Coal Theatre Company?s 2012/2013 season continues with C.P. Taylor?s drama Good, directed by Ian Finley, January 31 through February 17, 2013 at the Murphey School, 224 Polk Street, Raleigh.? Performances are Thursdays through Saturdays (1/31 to 2/2, 2/7 ? 9 and 2/14 ? 16) at 7:30 pm and Sundays (2/3, 10 and 17) at 2 pm.? Tickets are $25 or $20 for seniors, and $15 for students and active military.? Thursday night tickets are $10.? Sunday, February 3 at 2 pm is ?Pay What You Can? day.? Tickets are available at 919.834.4001 or at www.burningcoal.org.

ABOUT GOOD.? C.P. Taylor?s modern classic holocaust drama with music involves an educated, erudite professor who, following the difficult decision to help a dying parent to pass peacefully, writes a book about the subject.? The book is viewed favorably by the Nazi party as it begins its rise to power in 1930s Germany and the professor is encouraged to work with the regime on ?medical matters?.? Despite strenuous objections from his Jewish friends, the professor decides that he will stay in the country and attempt to positively influence the fascist regime.? In 1999, London?s National Theatre listed Good among its ?100 Plays of the 20th Century?.

ABOUT THE DIRECTOR.? Ian Finley, recent Piedmont Laureate and long-time company member at Burning Coal, will direct Good.? Ian holds an MFA in playwriting from NYU, where he received the Harry Kondoleon Award for Playwriting.? He has had plays produced in New York, Florida, North Carolina, Chicago and his native Utah, where he attended the University of Utah?s undergraduate theatre program.? For Burning Coal, Ian has written 1960 and Jude the Obscure, Parts 1 & 2.

ABOUT THE CAST.? Professor Halder will be played by Steven Roten, a member of Actors? Equity Association and theatre instructor at Meredith College in Raleigh.? Steven has appeared at Burning Coal in Lipstick Traces, All the King?s Men and Way to Heaven.?? Tamara Kraus of Raleigh will play Helen.? Tamara appeared at Burning Coal in The Prisoner?s Dilemma, The Shape of the Table and The Cherry Orchard.?? Julie Oliver of Raleigh will play Halder?s Mother.? Julie has appeared at Burning Coal in Brigadoon, Jude the Obscure, The Love Song of J. Robert Oppenheimer and others.? Paul Paliyenko of Raleigh will play Hitler.? Paul recently appeared with Hot Summer Nights in August: Osage County.? He has appeared with Burning Coal in To Kill A Mockingbird, Way to Heaven and The Cherry Orchard.? The cast also includes Jessica Hieronymus of Raleigh as Anne, Rob Jenkins of Raleigh as Maurice, Fred Corlett of Raleigh as Eichmann, Matt Hager of Raleigh as Rider, Alex Smith of Durham as Freddie and Sydney Mitchell of Raleigh as Halder?s sister.

ABOUT THE DESIGN TEAM.? ED Intemann, who heads the lighting program at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY will design Good.? Props will be designed by Raleigh?s Elizabeth Newton.? Sound Design will be created by Loren Watson.? Chad Hain of Greensboro will be technical director.? Steph Scribner, a recent graduate of Elon University, will serve the production as Stage Manager.

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Source: http://triangleartsandentertainment.org/event/c-p-taylors-holocaust-drama-good-by-c-p-taylor-at-burning-coal-2/

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Pop Noire Night with Lescop, Taigen Kawabe, Savages (DJ) - Birthdays, London, GB

Pop Noire Night with Lescop, Taigen Kawabe, Savages (DJ)

Venue:

Birthdays

Date:

Thu, 17/01/2013 19:30

Please Note:

Over 18s only, No ID No Entry

Source: http://ticketabc.com//birdonthewire.ticketabc.com/events/pop-noire/

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New research throws doubt on earlier 'killer walrus' claims

Public release date: 16-Jan-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Bobby Boessenecker
robert.boessenecker@otago.ac.nz
University of Otago

Palaeontologists who examined a new fossil found in southern California have thrown doubt on earlier claims that a "killer walrus" once existed.

Geology PhD student Robert Boessenecker from New Zealand's University of Otago and co-author Morgan Churchill from the University of Wyoming have today published their paper about the fossil in the online scientific journal PLOS ONE.

The paper reports that the new fossil-find, of the extinct walrus Pelagiarctos from southern California, prompts a different hypothesis to an earlier one that a "killer walrus" existed, preying on other marine mammals and/or birds.

Fossils of the walrus were originally found in the 1980s. The large, robust size of the jaw bone, along with the sharp pointed cusps of the teeth similar to modern bone-cracking carnivores like hyenas, suggested that Pelagiarctos fed upon other marine mammals rather than the typical diet of fish as in modern walruses.

However the new fossil, a lower jaw with teeth, and more complete than the original fossil, suggests to the Otago and Wyoming palaeontologists that the Pelagiarctos was more of a fish eater as it lacked adaptations for being a "killer walrus".

The evidence pointed to the tooth shape being unlikely to have been adapted for feeding upon large prey; instead it was an example of primitively retained tooth shape.

"This new find indicates that this enigmatic walrus would have appeared similar in life to modern sea lions, with a deep snout and large canines," says Mr Boessenecker.

The researchers estimated Pelagiarctos to be similar in size to some modern male sea lions (about 350 kg or 770 lbs).

"However, modern pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses) of small and large body sizes are dietary generalists, and tend to have diets rich in fish including sea lions similar in body size to Pelagiarctos, which means that its large body size alone doesn't make Pelagiarctos an apex predator."

The new study also analysed the evolutionary relationships of Pelagiarctos for the first time, and found it to be an early sea lion-like walrus that was most closely related to another sea lion-like walrus, Imagotaria downsi, also from California.

###

The study was supported by a University of Otago Doctoral Scholarship, and grants from the Geological Society of America, The Palaeontological Society, and a National Science Foundation EAPSI Fellowship.

---

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?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 16-Jan-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Bobby Boessenecker
robert.boessenecker@otago.ac.nz
University of Otago

Palaeontologists who examined a new fossil found in southern California have thrown doubt on earlier claims that a "killer walrus" once existed.

Geology PhD student Robert Boessenecker from New Zealand's University of Otago and co-author Morgan Churchill from the University of Wyoming have today published their paper about the fossil in the online scientific journal PLOS ONE.

The paper reports that the new fossil-find, of the extinct walrus Pelagiarctos from southern California, prompts a different hypothesis to an earlier one that a "killer walrus" existed, preying on other marine mammals and/or birds.

Fossils of the walrus were originally found in the 1980s. The large, robust size of the jaw bone, along with the sharp pointed cusps of the teeth similar to modern bone-cracking carnivores like hyenas, suggested that Pelagiarctos fed upon other marine mammals rather than the typical diet of fish as in modern walruses.

However the new fossil, a lower jaw with teeth, and more complete than the original fossil, suggests to the Otago and Wyoming palaeontologists that the Pelagiarctos was more of a fish eater as it lacked adaptations for being a "killer walrus".

The evidence pointed to the tooth shape being unlikely to have been adapted for feeding upon large prey; instead it was an example of primitively retained tooth shape.

"This new find indicates that this enigmatic walrus would have appeared similar in life to modern sea lions, with a deep snout and large canines," says Mr Boessenecker.

The researchers estimated Pelagiarctos to be similar in size to some modern male sea lions (about 350 kg or 770 lbs).

"However, modern pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses) of small and large body sizes are dietary generalists, and tend to have diets rich in fish including sea lions similar in body size to Pelagiarctos, which means that its large body size alone doesn't make Pelagiarctos an apex predator."

The new study also analysed the evolutionary relationships of Pelagiarctos for the first time, and found it to be an early sea lion-like walrus that was most closely related to another sea lion-like walrus, Imagotaria downsi, also from California.

###

The study was supported by a University of Otago Doctoral Scholarship, and grants from the Geological Society of America, The Palaeontological Society, and a National Science Foundation EAPSI Fellowship.

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-01/uoo-nrt011613.php

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If the order has not been shipped; please contact DinoDirect Live Support for order cancellation.You will get your refund within 24 hours.

If the order has already been shipped; you may return the item to us postmarked within 30 calendar days of delivery. Before that, please contact our Live Support to inform that.
In that case we will refund you the payment excluding actual shipping fees already incurred.

If the item is defective, please contact DinoDirect Live Support and send an email to us at cs-center@dinodirect.com attached an image or video file clearly showing the defect of the product. And we will give you a response within 24 hours whether we will resend the item or refund the payment to you for compensation.

For customization, please consider carefully before ordering.Because we do not accept return and replacement.

Source: http://www.dinodirect.com/nano-sim-card-to-micro-sim-card-standard-sim-card-adapter-for-iphone-5.html

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FoodBev.com | Opinion | A breakdown of the 510 food and drink ...

The bevblog.net food and drink mergers and acquisitions database recorded a total of 510 transactions in 2012, a 9.4% increase on the 466 noted in 2011.

• Alcohol ? 101 were in alcohol, down from 108 in 2011. The number specifically in wine was up 26% to 34, in beer down 43% to 26, in spirits down 8% to 23 and in cider up 100% to four.
• Packaging ? 92 were in packaging and equipment, a rise of 61% on the 57 in 2011.
• Soft drinks ? 83 were in soft drinks, 9% less than the 91 in 2011. Of these, 22 were in water coolers, more than five times the number in 2011. Seven were in bottled water and six in fruit juice, both substantially less than in 2011.
• Ingredients ? 61 were in ingredients, an increase of 45% on the 42 in 2011.
• Dairy ? 49 were in dairy, 4% lower than the 51 in 2011.
• Hot drinks ? 17 were in hot drinks, 31% more than the 13 in 2011.

Source: http://www.foodbev.com/opinion/a-breakdown-of-the-510-food-and-drink-ac

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What are Obama's gun control proposals? (cbsnews)

Share With Friends: | | Politics - Top Stories News, RSS and RSS Feed via Feedzilla.

Source: http://news.feedzilla.com/en_us/stories/politics/top-stories/277395317?client_source=feed&format=rss

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Essential Criteria In Mesothelioma Stages Described | valttiblogi.com

Posted by mikaza on January 14, 2013 in Finance | Short Link

Article by Sherry N. B. Padilla-Pettit ? Mesothelioma may be a awful ailment that incorporates a big latency time period. To spell out in depth, latency time period refers to the time duration regarding the expertise of the caUSAtive agent and the oncoming of the condition. The caUSAtive agent in the event of this disease is asbestos. The manifestation of mesothelioma stages for this ailment is a lot just after exposure to asbestos. Occasionally, this might be even with 20-50 decades.

An additional notorious characteristic of this disease is that it has indications which have been very much like other benign disorders. Often times pleural mesothelioma (lung cancer) is confused with pneumonia this results in dire effects. What happens is that your individual is with the last stages in advance of they even realize they?ve got this kind of killer disorder. As a result, tiny can be carried out in order to the very last phases of most cancers.

Specified therapies were devised for mesothelioma. Nevertheless, these only assist to mitigate the agonizing indicators. Typically, multiplication with the ailment can?t be checked. You cannot find any identified treatment for this ailment. Choosing solution for a mesothelioma patient will be based upon activity is of mesothelioma that he / she is set in.

Levels of Mesothelioma
The Butman device is utilized to define the Mesothelioma staging technique. Your whole foundation it will be the extent this agreement the tumor has spread. The several stages of mesothelioma in accordance with this method are as follows:

Phase I: Now, the employment of mesothelioma consistently improves proper side or perhaps the still left facet from the pleura (lungs). It could be from the pericardium or diaphragm. Diaphragm is the muscle that separates the chest area additionally, the abdomen. In this particular stage, mesothelioma should be only on the one hand (right of left) with the pleura.

Phase II: In this penetration of mesothelioma, the illness spreads to another aspect of pleura or even to the esophagus or coronary heart or upper body wall or lymph nodes.

Phase III: In this particular period, it is set in a life threatening assaulting period. It spreads belonging to the diaphragm to the peritoneum. Peritoneum refers to the abdominal cavity lining. In your prior phase, the lymph modes of your upper body may well be concerned. This stage may possibly require the lymph nodes aside from the upper body also.

Stage IV: This can be the closing awful stage of mesothelioma whereby the condition spreads to the other organs from the bloodstream.

TNM staging Procedure

The American Joint Committee on Most cancers (AJCC) is promoting an additional new staging technique. This TNM staging system is akin to that used in other kinds of cancers. Within this system T stands for tumor

N is known as the assault on lymph nodes and M is known as metasis.

The staging set up is using the following: ? the length of the tumor and also the extent to which it?s distribute to nearby organs ? the extent of distribute to lymph nodes ? the extent of spread to distant organs.

The different degrees of mesothelioma as per the TNM staging program are as follows:

Stage I: The mesothelioma might be in the appropriate and the still left pleura. You may have assaulted the pericardium or even the diaphragm for a passing fancy facet. Nonetheless, it would not have distribute for the lymph nodes.

Stage II: The infection often have distribute towards the lungs, diaphragm, lymph nodes or pericardium on the very same facet.

Stage III: In this particular phase, the mesothelioma might have distribute in to the muscle tissue of the upper body wall, ribs, esophagus, heart and also other organs on the very same aspect. From have spread further into your lymph nodes for a passing fancy aspect.

Stage IV: Through this phase, mesothelioma affects the lymph modes inside the chest on the very same side or might start spreading to the lungs or pleura alternatively. Also, if mesothelioma is found the distant organs or maybe if it spreads to organs in addition to the stomach and upper body, (over the circulatory system), it?s fourth phase.

The TNM product is clearer and complete, even now the Butchart set up is popularly familiar with explain the phases of mesothelioma. Regardless of the staging system made use of, it is important to understand that mesothelioma stage depiction is vital for choosing whatever remedy to be utilized on your affected person.

How are the phases of mesothelioma identified?

CAT scans, MRI tests along with other exams like x-rays assist with determine activity is of mesothelioma in the affected person. An excellent, the physician informs a man together with his or her friends and family regarding the degree and type of treatment method that is needed. Mesothelioma doesn?t have acknowledged treatment. So, your doctor can only provide to eliminate the symptoms, to mitigate the pain sensation and offer psychological help.

Exactly what are the remedies provided to mesothelioma people?

Chemotherapy, radiation and medical procedures could be the choices for the treatment a mesothelioma affected individual. Besides these classic treatments, various a new one often come up every now and then though. However many are under study and wish for screening. To avail them, a client can undertake a health care trial. In this way, he will assist the scientific research in mesothelioma and even acquire the fresh medication or treatment. The fitness of the client as well as the day of an individual will be viewed as when deciding the particular level and kind of treatment method offered for your client. Whilst going through strategy for asbestos, the person requires besides physical strength but emotional power. The person ought to be powerful in mind to face whichever upcoming.

Tags: mesothelioma stages

Source: http://valttiblogi.com/essential-criteria-in-mesothelioma-stages-described/

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More Evidence That Windows 8 Isn't Boosting PCs

Following up on IDC's estimates on PC shipments in the fourth quarter, market researcher Gartner (NYSE: IT??) has now put out its own figures on how poorly the broader PC market is faring. There's some disagreement between the two, but the consensus is that investors are still looking at a market in decline.

If you recall, Gartner figures show Hewlett-Packard (NYSE: HPQ??) losing its crown as the top PC maker in the world by unit volumes in the third quarter, ceding that title to Lenovo after the latter slid ahead by just over 200,000 units. Following the third-quarter decline of 8.3% in global PC shipments as consumers and companies alike anxiously awaited the transition to Microsoft (NASDAQ: MSFT??) Windows 8, the PC market just shrank a little bit more.

Sorry, PC
This time around, we're talking about a decline of 4.9% (versus IDC's negative 6.4% estimate). HP was able to retake its crown from Lenovo and become king of the PC hill just in time for the tablet market to bulldoze a hole through it. Dell's? (NASDAQ: DELL??) ?shipments plunged by 20.9%, which is about what IDC also found.

Vendor	Q4 2012 Worldwide Unit Shipments	Q4 2012 Worldwide Market Share	Growth (YOY)
HP	14.6 million	16.2%	(0.5%)
Lenovo	14 million	15.5%	8.2%
Dell	9.2 million	10.2%	(20.9%)
Acer	8.6 million	9.5%	(11%)
Others	37.4 million	41.4%	(6.4%)
Total	90.4 million	100%	(4.9%)

Source: Gartner. Figures may not add up due to rounding. YOY = year over year.

In order to boost its market share, it's possible that HP sacrificed margins and the PC giant participated in the broad rollout of new Windows 8 devices. HP's personal systems group remains its biggest revenue generator, but also its lowest margin division, so the segment can't very well afford margin declines.

Echoing IDC's findings, Gartner says Windows 8 was unsuccessful in boosting overall PC volumes. The researcher said that PC OEMs were "lackluster" in their form factor designs and are mostly missing out on the potential in touch interfaces.

Domestic discrepancy
Gartner and IDC have some discrepancies when it comes to their respective domestic findings, particularly when it comes to Apple (NASDAQ: AAPL??) . While IDC thinks Apple's U.S. Mac shipments were roughly flat in the fourth quarter at negative 0.2%, Gartner believes the Mac maker posted a 5.4% increase during the fourth quarter.

Vendor	Q4 2012 U.S. Unit Shipments	Q4 2012 U.S. Market Share	Growth (YOY)
HP	4.7 million	26.6%	12.6%
Dell	3.4 million	19.2%	(16.5%)
Apple	2.1 million	12.3%	5.4%
Lenovo	1.5 million	8.4%	9.7%
Acer	1.4 million	7.9%	(21.6%)
Others	4.5 million	25.7%	(2%)
Total	17.5 million	100%	(2.1%)

Source: Gartner. Figures may not add up due to rounding. YOY = year over year.

The difference in domestic Mac estimates is a little more than 100,000 units in absolute terms, which isn't going to make or break the company's fourth-quarter results. Either way you slice it, though, Apple is continuing its streak of outperforming the broader PC market every quarter, a stat that Tim Cook likes to boast.

I've heard this one before
Naturally, the big culprit here continues to be tablet adoption as consumers shift media consumption to those devices in what Gartner refers to as a "structural shift." Instead of a reliable upgrade cycle, consumers are now likely to allow secondary PCs to become obsolete while shifting spending patterns to tablets.

The lines between different device categories continue to blend though, as Windows 8 takes on a plethora of shapes and sizes. Microsoft's whole goal with Windows 8 is to ambitiously offer a platform for all devices, and only time will tell if this is too much to ask.

Tablets continue to be predominantly consumption devices, but Gartner doesn't see that as a problem for their prospects. Some users will always need productivity machines, but an increasing proportion of consumers' casual tasks can be performed by tablets while shared PCs may be used to get some real work done.

It's been a frustrating path for Microsoft investors, who've watched the company fail to capitalize on the incredible growth in mobile over the past decade. However, with the release of its own tablet, along with the widely anticipated Windows 8 operating system, the company is looking to make a splash in this booming market. In this brand-new premium report on Microsoft, our analyst explains that while the opportunity is huge, the challenges are many. He's also providing regular updates as key events occur, so make sure to claim a copy of this report now by clicking here.

Source: http://feeds.fool.com/~r/usmf/foolwatch/~3/jhS3shQfBFo/story01.htm

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Anthony Mackie Talks Captain America: The Winter Soldier

Back in July, we reported that Anthony Mackie would play the superhero Falcon (a.k.a. Sam Wilson) in Captain America: The Winter Soldier.? While details on the upcoming sequel are being kept highly under wraps, Mackie did provide some innocuous comments about the film while doing press for Gangster Squad.? His most interesting comment was the revelation that his character will share his comic book counterpart?s wings and ability to fly.? Mackie added, ?I will be a superhero and fight people, namely The Winter Soldier.?

Hit the jump for more.? The film also stars Chris Evans, Sebastian Stan, Frank Grillo, Cobie Smulders, Scarlett Johansson, and Samuel L. Jackson.? Captain America: The Winter Soldier opens April 4, 2014.

Mackie also spoke to AICN about how his brother and nerdy old friends were able to help him prepare for the role:

?It was funny; a lot of the research I found was online. My older brother was a huge comic book buff. So when the news came out online, he called me and just gave me the whole rundown. Luckily, I have a lot of friends who weren?t cool growing up, but who are really cool now, so they read a lot of comic books. So I would just call and ask them, and they would send me all of this stuff online, and I got to read a bunch of the old comic books. It?s fortunate, because it?s a take off the comic book, it?s not the exactly storyline of the comic book.?

From there, Mackie stopped himself from revealing any more since he knows that Marvel isn?t skittish about recasting actors (they may as well put Terrence Howard?s head on a pike outside Marvel Studios? headquarters):

?This is what I learned about franchises. They can always cast somebody else and say, ?Well that last person died,? or just not address it. You see the second movie, and the guy is a different guy than the first, and they?re like, ?Yep, same dude to me.??

Finally, Mackie did confirm that filming is set to begin on April 1st.

Source: http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1926658/news/1926658/

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Ndamukong Suh says Packers fail 'Football 101 for Dummies'

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Detroit Lions defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh ripped the Green Bay defense while watching the playoffs from home.(Photo: Tim Fuller-USA TODAY Sports)

Detroit Lions defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh, whose team just finished a 4-12 season, felt the need to tutor his division rivals on football basics after his Green Bay Packers counterpart B.J. Raji was penalized for encroachment on a 4th and 1 late in the fourth quarter of the Packers' 45-31 loss to the San Francisco 49ers.

THRASHED: Kaepernick, 49ers exert will on Packers

The penalty was costly, giving the 49ers a first down in the red zone. They'd score a touchdown three plays later to go up 21 points and seal the game for good.

Via @ndamukong_suh:

"Football 101 for Dummies. D-Line DO NOT jump on 4th & 1 Yard to go!!!!"

While Suh is correct is his assessment, Packers fans didn't take kindly to the reminder, bringing up reminders of his numerous fines for dirty play, his team's lack of playoff prowess and more on Twitter.

It's somewhat surprising that he would comment on fellow 26-year-old Raji, who, in addition to mastering the discount double check, has managed to be one of the other top defensive tackles in the NFC over the past few years.

Since Raji is probably too busy shaking off the loss to respond, we put together some NFL Statistics 101 for Dummies that Suh might want to check out.

Pro Bowl appearances:
Suh -1
Raji - 1

Career playoff games
Suh - 1
Raji - 7

Super Bowl rings
Suh - 0
Raji - 1

Career record
Suh - 20-29
Raji - 51-20

NFL career suspensions
Suh - 2 games
Raji - 0 games

PHOTOS: Packers vs. 49ers

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Source: http://rssfeeds.usatoday.com/~r/UsatodaycomSports-TopStories/~3/p62mCdok3A8/

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Toxic Little Molecules

There are various different ways that pathogenic bacteria can damage and kill human cells, but one of the most common is by the production of toxic molecules. These small molecules are made inside the bacterial cell, the protein chain built using the DNA template and then often modified within the cell before being secreted directly into, or in the general direction of, human cells. A recent paper in PLoS Pathogens took a look at some of these toxic molecules produced by C. difficile, a human pathogen that infects the human colon and is showing worrying levels of antibiotic resistance.

The rod shaped Clostridium difficile bacteria, image from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.

C. difficile produces two main toxic molecules, labelled TcdA and TcdB. These toxins lead to?fluid secretion, inflammation, and colonic tissue damage associated with the bacterial infection. Both of the toxins get into human cells and disrupt the internal structure, causing them to look round and blobby under a microscope. Both toxins are capable of activating apoptosis ? the internal pathway used by cells to kill themselves, however some studies have shown that when cells were exposed to high concentrations of TcdB they tended to just destroy themselves (necrosis) without using the apoptotic pathway.

?

Normal cells on the left, cells treated with TcdB in the middle showing the rounded phenotype. Cells treated with high concentrations of TcdB on the right showing necrosis (cell death). Image from reference.

Before it is sent out of the bacterial cell to cause its damage, the TcdB molecule is processed inside the cell. This processing releases the catalytic effector part of the TcdB molecule which can then damage the host cell. By knocking out the genes responsible for this processing, the researchers were able to create TcdB mutants ? unprocessed forms of the TcdB. They then tested both the normal wild-type and the unprocessed TcdB to see what affect they had on human cells (using both standard HeLa cells, and cells derived from the human colon). Surprisingly, both forms of TcdB were able to kill the human cells. This suggests that the internal processing is not required for TcdB necrosis.

?

Graph showing cell viability at increasing concentrations of TcdB for five different unprocessed mutants and wild type. Image from reference.

The researchers suggest that while low concentrations of TcdB have a ?cytopathic effect? i.e they damage the cells leading to apoptosis, high concentrations of TcdB lead to a ?cytotoxic effect? killing the cells off without causing the controlled cell death of apoptosis. Having shown the effects in culture the researchers then explored whether the same effect would be seen in actual tissues, using pig colon tissue. No significant difference was shown between the wild-type and unprocessed mutant; in the case of this toxin, internal processing is not required to cause cell damage.

Although the results might seem negative when put in those terms, it?s very important for pathology research to explore the effects of cell toxins, and to rule out areas where future research would not be useful for revealing anti-bacterial therapies. In this case, any antibiotic that targets the processing of TcdB would not be of use for therapy, although it would prevent the molecule being processed it would not stop the bacteria from causing damage.

?

Reference:? Chumbler NM, Farrow MA, Lapierre LA, Franklin JL, Haslam D, et al. (2012)Clostridium difficile Toxin B Causes Epithelial Cell Necrosis through an Autoprocessing-Independent Mechanism. PLoS Pathog 8(12): e1003072. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003072

Source: http://rss.sciam.com/click.phdo?i=1945cc374270c99c749dc773a444d9b6

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